اسباب تلوث البيئه و طرق معالجتها للاولى ثانوي

عنوان الموضوع : اسباب تلوث البيئه و طرق معالجتها للاولى ثانوي
مقدم من طرف منتديات العندليب

اسباب تلوث البيئه و طرق معالجتها..
..Cause environmental pollution and how to address them

Introduction
We all create pollution therefore everyone can make a difference to reduce pollution. Although it may seem like it is difficult to stop pollution, there are lots of things that can be done every day to reduce or eliminate pollution altogether


?What is Pollution
ما هو التلوث؟

,Every day we pour or release harmful substances such as poisonous gases
chemicals and garbage into our environment. These harmful substances that
end up damaging the environment, are called pollution. Most pollution
comes from factories and transportation but as you will see we all
.contribute to it in many different ways

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All pollution is waste. Waste is unwanted or discarded material and when
it is released into the environment it becomes pollution. When most
people think of waste they think of garbage or trash that is littered all
over the land. This type of waste is the one that most people are
familiar with and it is commonly called solid waste. But solid waste
pollution is not the only type of pollution out there. Can you think of
?other types

In addition to solid waste there is air pollution, water pollution, soil
pollution and even noise pollution. As you will see, if not handled
properly, pollution can and has contaminated our air, water, soil and
.land


Air Pollution
تلوث الهواء

Every living creature relies on clean air to survive. Air is made up of a
mixture of gases, mainly oxygen and nitrogen, with small amounts of
carbon dioxide plus water. Air has no colour or smell, except when it is
polluted. Dirty air can affect the health of humans, animals, plants and
can even damage buildings. Industry and transportation produce most of
the air pollution, releasing millions of tons of harmful substances into
.the environment each year

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The burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) is the source of or generates
most of the world's energy. Unfortunately it also generates most of the
world's air pollution. That is because when we burn the fossil fuels to
produce energy we end up releasing waste in the form of toxic gases.
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxides are
some of the most dangerous gases produced during the burning of fossil
.fuels

Carbon dioxide gases play a big role in the greenhouse effect by trapping
heat rather than allowing it to escape into space. It is not just what is
released into the air that causes problems; it is also how individual
,pollutants interact with each other, water and/or sunlight. For example
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are both dangerous when they combine
.with other substances to create problems such as smog and acid rain

.Gases are not the only air pollutants that we should be concerned about
Tiny bits of dust, ****l, soot and other materials also find their way
into the atmosphere from manufacturing plants, construction sites, wood
burning stoves and cars. These small particles reduce the quality of the
.air that we breathe

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Also, sometimes rain contains chemicals called acids that can harm the
,environment including plants and animals living on land and in the water
as well as damage buildings and other manmade structures such as
monuments, roads and vehicles. Acids cause so much harm because they can
burn into materials. Acid rain forms when sulphur dioxide and nitrogen
dioxide (produced by burning fuels) are released into the air. These two
gases mix with water to form a weak acid which falls as rain. The gases
that cause acid rain are released by power plants, factories and
transportation. Acid rain falls to the ground and is taken up by tree
roots, eventually causing the trees to die. The acid rain will also
.affect the plants and animals living in rivers and lakes


Water Pollution
تلوث المياه

In addition to clean air, all animals and plants need a clean water
supply in order to survive. You may think that we have lots of water but
only a small amount of it is freshwater that we can use and we are
.polluting our water in the same way we are polluting our air

When harmful substances such as oil and chemical wastes enter the
waterways either through accidents or through being intentionally dumped,
they are soon carried away by tides or the flow of the river and are
extremely difficult to remove. As a river makes it's way to the ocean, a
number of different chemicals can enter its waters. Harmful chemicals can
enter our rivers and lakes from any number of sources. For example they
can seep out of dumpsites or pesticides and fertilizers may drain from
farmlands or they may find their way into sewage that is pumped from
local towns and cities

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One of the most damaging forms of water pollution is from oil. Oil spills
from ships and oil tankers at sea cause devastating water pollution and
harm wildlife. These events receive lots of attention on television and
from environmental groups, however these spills only represent a small
.percentage of the total amount of oil that contaminates our water
,Tankers dump oil into oceans as part of their routine cleaning
refineries pump oily wastewater into surface water and oil from city
.streets are washed into storm drains that eventually enter our waterways

When people rinse materials down the drain, flush their toilets or do a
load of wash, the wastewater usually goes to sewage treatment plants to
be purified. These plants will then remove dirt, biodegradable materials
such as food waste and a number of other pollutants before the water
reaches our waterways. However, most treatment plants can't remove all of
the chemicals that are used in products such as paint thinners or
phosphates that are used in many detergents and these substances end up
passing right through the sewage treatment plant untreated. Other sources
of water pollution include the dirt and litter from the streets that are
washed into storm drains. In most areas these storm drains empty into
,underground pipes that will eventually dump directly into our lakes
.rivers and oceans


Land/Soil Pollution
تلوث التربه

Disposing of acids, pesticides, chemicals, radioactive waste, sewage
sludge and other types of hazardous waste on our lands has become one of
the most dangerous pollution and waste problem. Most of this hazardous
waste is sent to landfill sites or burned in incinerators which in turn
create toxic runoff and air pollution. In the past this hazardous waste
has also been buried deep underground. However, because of poor storage
methods older landfills and underground storage sites may end up leaking
.hazardous materials into surrounding soils and sometimes groundwater
This results in contaminated lands that pose a threat to people living in
.the area as well as to wildlife and the environment

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Not only should we be concerned about the leaking of these wastes but we
should also be concerned about the amount of waste that is being disposed
of in these landfill sites. Per person, Canadians throw away more garbage
than any other country. The more garbage we produce the more resources
and space we will need to dispose of it. This is a problem because we are
running out of places to locate landfill sites. Nobody wants to live next
to a dumpsite but what do we do with all that garbage? We can learn to
.reduce the amount of garbage that we create

Even more disturbing is what we are actually throwing out and sending to
these dumpsites. There is more paper than any other material found in
landfills. Over 38% of all materials a landfill is paper. The next
highest is ****l, glass and plastics at 34%. Finally, about 15% of the
material disposed of in dumps are food and yard waste. All of these
materials can and should be kept out of our landfills. If you add up all
these numbers, over 87% of what makes up a landfill site could have been
recycled, reused or composted. But instead we are polluting our land by
throwing them away as garbage and using up our natural resources
.(unnecessarily (i.e. cutting down more trees to make more paper


Noise Pollution
التلوث الضوضائي

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Modern towns and cities are noisy. Within these cities there is a
.constant rumble from cars, trucks, buses, machines, alarms and sirens
Even loud music is a form of noise pollution. Some communities are also
.located in noisy areas such as airports or near a train track/station
.Other people have to work in noisy factories

When these vehicles, horns, radios, heavy machinery, make loud and
continuing sounds they are producing noise pollution. We don't think of
noise as being able to hurt us but it does. Noise can cause damage to our
hearing and lead to other health problems, especially if you are exposed
.to loud noises for long periods of time


?Who Creates Pollution
من يسبب التلوث؟

?Who do you think creates all these different types of pollution
Pollution is created by industries, offices, schools, farms, cars, and
.even our homes

There are many things in our daily lives that we use to make our lives
easier, safer and more comfortable - however these things also create
وpollution and waste that are bad for the environment. Cars, fast food
وnewspapers, air conditioning, household appliances (i.e. microwaves
hairdryers) and many other items all result in pollution. Pollution not
only happens in your home but also on your street. Garbage spills from
.garbage cans and exhaust fumes from cars, trucks, buses


?What is Pollution Prevention
ما هي موانع التلوث

Usually, once pollution is created it is here to stay. When we try to
clean up pollution after it has already been created, sometimes we just
end up shifting it from one place to another (i.e. from land to air or to
.(water

Therefore, instead of trying to clean up pollution or wastes after it has
been created, pollution prevention looks at ways of reducing the creation
of pollution and waste by changing the way we buy, make or discard of
things. Pollution prevention aims to identify activities or areas in
processes where waste can be avoided such as: where less toxic or less
hazardous materials can be substituted for the more toxic ones; and where
.energy, water or other raw materials can be saved or conserved

The pollution prevention approach tries to focus on reducing pollution at
.(the source (i.e. where it is first created

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Pollution costs money. In the past, industries and businesses really only
looked at the cost of treating and disposing of pollution. But pollution
.is not only expensive to treat; it also takes energy and resources (i.e
labour, time) to create it in the first place. Therefore, in the long
run, it costs less to avoid creating waste or pollutants from the start
.than trying to clean up, treat or dispose of it


?What is not considered Pollution Prevention
ما هي الاشياء التي لا تعتبر موانع للتلوث؟

In the past, when pollution was created people looked for ways to control
the pollution after it was created. Treating wastewater, filtering air
emissions and using landfills for solid waste are all methods of
controlling pollution after it is generated. Controlling or treating
pollution is not considered to be pollution prevention. For example when
wastewater from a factory or a home is treated, the water ends up cleaner
but the factory is then left with sludge made up of all the materials
that were filtered out of the water and which needs to be disposed of on
land. In other words, pollution control or treatment often moves the
.pollution from one type of medium (i.e. air, water, land) to another


:Examples of activities that are not pollution prevention include

Any kind of waste treatment or pollution control *

. Recycling that takes place outside of the building or industry *
Although recycling does help reduce the amount of garbage sent for
disposal it does not prevent pollution. Energy and money still need to
be spent to recycle the materials (i.e. melting plastic or glass into
.( new objects


Transferring hazards or toxics from one medium to another (i.e. from *
(air to water or land to air


Diluting or making something less toxic or hazardous by adding water *
or another substance

These all work to control or manage the pollution once it has already
been created. Remember - pollution prevention wants to stop the pollution
.or waste from ever being produced


?Why Prevent Pollution
لماذا نمنع التلوث؟

Why should we prevent pollution? When we prevent pollution, we save
energy, conserve resources (such as trees needed to make paper), reduce
pollutants and waste, and lessen exposure to harmful materials which
.means we often save money and have a healthier place to work or live

:Pollution prevention creates many benefits, including

Minimizing or avoiding the creation of hazardous wastes or substances *
released into the environment


Reducing the dangers to our health - less exposure to harmful *
substances and it helps create cleaner air and water


.Speeding up the reduction or elimination of pollutants i.e *
industries and consumers will look into using more "environmentally
"friendly substances


Promoting the development of new technologies, machines and materials *
that reduce the amount of pollution produced


Encouraging the use of energy, resources, materials more efficiently *


Reducing the amount of money spent on investigating and charging *
polluters that break various environmental laws


Avoiding costly clean ups after spills or accidents involving *
hazardous substances


Promoting a more competitive economy *


?Who Can Prevent Pollution
من يستطيع منع التلوث؟

Pollution prevention, and the benefits that result from it, do not just
happen. It requires some planning and a lot of commitment from everyone
involved. Pollution prevention is not something that is done only at
factories or industries. Everyone should consider how much waste is
.created from what they use, buy and eventually throw away

.Most people don't need to be convinced that pollution is a problem
Everyone, from individuals to businesses to government has a role to play
.in finding solutions to pollution and other environmental problems

As more people speak out, more businesses will listen and start to do
their part in preventing pollution. Many companies have already developed
new processes, equipment and practices that are helping to reduce the
amount of chemicals they are using and emissions that they are releasing
to the environment. As well, Environment Canada has been working with
businesses, industries and communities to develop projects that will help
.decrease the amount of pollution that is being created

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However, businesses and governments are not the only sector that is
responding to the growing concern. Many people have jobs that involve
:looking for ways to prevent pollution, including

Scientists *
Teachers *
Factory workers and managers *
Engineers *


?How Can We Prevent Pollution
كيف نستطيع منع التلوث؟


Preventing AIR Pollution
منع تلوث الهواء

We can help to reduce and prevent air pollution by using less electricity
.and gasoline

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Walk, cycle or use public transportation *
Give friends that are going to the same place as you a ride (i.e. car *
( pooling
Turn off lights, TV, radio and other electrical items when not in use *
Use low-energy or energy-saving light bulbs *
(Avoid using gas powered machinery (i.e. lawn mowers *
Fill up the car with cleaner fuels *
Keep your car tuned and schedule routine maintenance checks *
!Turn off your engine when waiting - do not idle *


Reduce Engine Idling
When cars, trucks and buses are left running while parked, they produce
unnecessary pollution that contributes to climate change and smog, which
affects our health. A recent study in Toronto found that more than a
third of parents or caregivers waiting to pick up their children sit in
.their vehicles with the engines idling



Preventing WATER Pollution
منع تلوث المياه

There are a number of ways that you can help prevent water pollution
around your house, school, work or neighbourhood. Here are just some of
:the ideas

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Install "low-flow" shower heads and faucets to reduce water use *
Only run the dishwasher when it is full and use dishwasher soap that *
does not contain phosphates
Disconnect the down spout from your eaves trough if it discharges *
into a sewer system
Install a rain barrel to collect rain for watering plants and your *
.lawn. Share your rainwater with neighbours
Plant plants that can grow with low moisture ******* in soils and do *
not need to be watered very often
Take your car to a car wash facility rather than washing it in your *
driveway or on the street
Don't pour chemicals down the storm sewer *
Buy biodegradable or environmentally friendly soap and other cleaning *
supplies
Fix taps, faucets and pipes that are leaking *



Preventing LAND Pollution
منع تلوث التربه

!The best thing we can all do to cut down on waste is to make less of it
When we reduce the amount of waste that we produce this will reduce
amount of garbage that we have to dispose in landfills. Some ideas on
:reducing land pollution include

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Try to purchase materials that are sold in reusable containers *
Look for products that have very little packaging to throw away *
Buy biodegradable products *
Buy in bulk to reduce packaging *
.Use safer alternatives to pesticides *
!Reduce, Reuse, Recycle *
Buy organically grown fruits and vegetable. (i.e. those that are *
(grown with natural fertilizers such as composted manure or compost
Take old clothing, furniture and appliances in good working condition *
to collection depots and centres



Preventing NOISE Pollution
منع التلوث الضوضائي/الضجيج

.Reducing noise pollution is the easiest one of all

Keep the volume of music and the television down at home so you don't *
disturb other family members or neighbours
Don't slam doors *
Don't thunder up and down stairs - try to walk quietly *


At the end, pollution prevention is not difficult. Opportunities can be
found at home, when you shop at the store, when you go to school or when
you go to work. You can take steps every day to help stop pollution. Once
,you get in the habit of thinking about the pollution you are creating
.you will soon recognize more and more opportunities for preventing it

Challenge yourself to find a new way to reduce pollution each week or
improve on something you have already started, like riding your bike more
.often, or walking to school every day instead of once or twice a week

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مقتطفات

.. How to Prevent Pollution in Everyday Life
كيف نمنع التلوث في حياتنا اليوميه..

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