1حضارة بلاد مابين النهرين
Civilization developed slowly in different parts of the world. People began to settle in areas with abundant natural resources. A section of the Middle East is called the Fertile Crescent. The Fertile Crescent is a rich food-growing area in a part of the world where most of the land is too dry for farming. The Fertile Crescent is a quarter-moon shaped region that extends from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf.
Some of the best farmland of the Fertile Crescent is on a narrow strip of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Greeks later called this area Mesopotamia, which means “between the rivers.” Many different civilizations developed in this small region. First came the Sumerians, who were replaced in turn by the Assyrians and the Babylonians. Today this land is known as Iraq the Nile River
2 الحضارة المصرية - نهر النيل-
The Gift of the Nile
Like a giant snake, the Nile River slithers through some of the driest desert on earth to isolate a narrow green valley. The Nile was also home to one of the earliest civilizations in history. Today, more than seventy million people live along the banks of the Nile, the world’s longest river. The Nile was also home to one of the earliest civilizations in history.
Ancient Egypt could not have existed without the great river. Every year, the snow in the mountains of East Africa melts, sending a torrent of water that overflows the banks of the Nile. The river picks up bits of soil and plant life called silt. The silt is dropped on the banks of the Nile as the flood recedes, and creates excellent topsoil that provides two or three crops every year. The ancient Greeks spoke with envy when they referred to Egypt as “the Gift of the Nile.”
الحضارةالرومانية
A New Power Rises
Roman The earliest empires had been in the east. Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Greece were all home to at least one powerful civilization. About 387BC, a city on the Italian peninsula began acquiring land and building an empire. That city was Rome. For more than one thousand years, Rome controlled the western world.
Rome grew into an empire in part because of how it treated the people it conquered. If a city was defeated by another empire, its citizens were forced from the land if they were lucky, and enslaved if they were not. Initially, the Romans extended the rights of citizenship to the people they conquered. Rome conquered many of its allies by force, but once the new people became citizens, they often joined the Roman army. Rome managed to unify most of the modern nation of Italy by 265BC.
Rome is an ideal place for a city. It is located along the banks of the Tiber River. The river made it easy to travel to and from the sea. The Tiber is very shallow near Rome. A shallow portion of a river is called a ford. The ford made it easier for people to cross the river. Seven hills surround Rome. The hills make it harder for invaders to approach the city and served as lookout areas for the Romans. Rome is also close to excellent farmland and an abundance of wood and stone. Civilizations have grown and prospered in Rome for thousands of years, which is why Rome is nicknamed “the Eternal City.”
Humanrights حقوقالإنسان
The concept of human rights has existed under several names inEuropean thought for many centuries at least since the time of king john ofEngland .
The political and religious tradition in order parts of the wordalso proclaimed what have come to be called human rights calling on rules torule justly and compassionately and delineating limits on theircitizens .
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe severalphilosophers proposed the concept of rights belonging to person by natural andbecause ha was a human being not by virtue of his citizenship in a particularreligion or race or ethnic group .
In the late 1700, two revolutions occurred which drew heavily onthis concept in 1776, most of the British colonies in North America proclaimedtheir independence from the British Empire in document, which still stirsfeeling and debate .
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right of women حق المرأة
Nowadays we take it for
granted that womenhave the same rights as men before the first world war few people believedthis.
As far as work was concerned there were jobs wich were regarded aswomen`s jobs and other wiche were regarded as men`s jobs. Women`s jobs weregenerally lower paid as men`s. Men did almost all the heavy jobs in industry orin transport.
Women had jobs like dress-making,cleanning or worked asservants.
Women`s main role was as being to raise childeren and look fortheir home. Women were not expected to take position of leaderschip. Women werenot even allowed to vote in elections.
Before the war some women had beenstruggling to achieve greater equality with men. The most famous of these hadbeen the suffragettes who stagged a violent campaign against the govervment from 1905 to 1914 trying to achieve the right to vote.however, at the outbreak ofwar, the were still no near to success. Many men argued that women were unsuitedto such responsibility that women could not be trusted to vote sensibly thatwomen should not concern themselves with such male activities andvoting.
During the war many things changed
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Television
? Television has became part of our every day life .what are its advantagesand disadvantages
On the one hand, TV has became the most influential meansof the mass media because it has both sound and picture .it's also the mostpopular source of information education and international , in brief TV bringsthe whole word to us .
One the other hand TV develops passive and lazy viewers . it also prevents communication between the members of the family besidesstudents don't their homwork and may became aggressive when they watch films ofviolence .
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war
WAR is one of the wost crime that pople have ever made to the humanity . that's why we should know why some ediot poeple can't stand leaving in peacebecuase
the best thing that can draw the smile on every one's face is thepeace. but in reality we have a deferent image to the world, we see that no onewant to respect the right of other or want's to enslave poeple or take thereweals, and they make some silly reasons to get what they want exactly like whathappend to
our brothers in iraq .
war also creat a very bad destarctionand ruin in everywhere .
and from the main point we can say that poepl instean of burning world they have to to learn how to leave in peace and creat thehappiness instead of hate andkilling
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Immigration الهجرة
Spanish officials estimate that about 1.000 people have downedattempting to enter Europe by crossing the 10-mile wide strait of Gibraltar inthe past six years , Spanish officials say that morocco is tolerating the exitof small boats .
In 1996. several hundred illegal immigrants .most Moroccans werepicked up by the police and coast guard on the southern shores of Spain , morocco’s newly appointed prime mister .Aberahmane youssoufi . blamed illegalimmigration on poverty , and said that policeman and walls are not solution tothe illegal migration ,which should be handed with realism in order to findhuman solutions .
On February, the interior ministers of morocco and Italy signed aconvention to cooperate in the fight against drug smuggling and illegalimmigration the Italian interior minister said that a lot of Moroccans livelegally in Italy .the largest foreign community in the country .
Hand in hand between Morocco and Italy to fight drugs , illegalimmigration .
Urbanization
Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasingproportion of entire population lives in cities and the suburbs
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Working children
Child labour is one of the problems that many
countries face, thereare various causes that drive children to work some of them drop out of schoolin order to help their poor or sick parents others have to work because they areorphans. In addiction some parents are ignorant they think education is a wasteof time .
Working children face a tough life; in factories and mines theywork in bad conditions no fresh air, long hours they may be injured by machinesthey are also deprived of education and childhood
air pollution تلوث الهواء
air pollution can effect our health in many ways with a bothshort-term effects different groups of individuals are effected by air pollutionin different ways .some individualsare much more sensitive to pollutants thanare others. young children and elderly people after suffer môre from effects ofair pollution.poeple with health problems such asthma .heart and lung diseasemay olso suffer more when the air is poolluted the extent to wich in individualis harmed by air pollution usualy depends on the total to the damaging chimicalsi.e the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chimicals must betaken into account..this s the end of pragraph i wish to benefit itok
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smoking
When your parents were young, people could buy cigarettes and smokepretty much anywhere - even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over theplace. Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for our health. Smokingis restricted or banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies areno longer allowed to advertise on buses or trains, billboards, TV, and in manymagazines .
Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, andheart disease; that it can shorten your life by 14 years or more; and that thehabit can cost a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come people arestill lightingup !
natural disaster الكوارث الطبيعية
A is the consequence of when a potential natural hazard becomesa physical event (e.g. volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide) and thisinteracts with human activities. Human vulnerability, caused by the lack ofplanning, lack of appropriate emergency management or the event beingunexpected, leads to financial, structural, and human losses. The resulting lossdepends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster , their resilience.[1] This understanding is concentrated in the formulation : " disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability".[2] A natural hazard willhence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g . strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. The term natural has consequently beendisputed because the events simply are not hazards or disasters without humaninvolvement
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البشريةفي الحقوق
The concept of human rights has existed under several names inEuropean thought for many centuries, at least since the time of King John ofEngland. After the king violated a number of ancient laws and customs by whichEngland had been governed, his subjects forced him to sign the Magna Carta, orGreat Charter, which enumerates a number of what later came to be thought of ashuman rights. Among them were the right of the church to be free fromgovernmental interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inheritproperty and be free from excessive taxes. It established the right of widowswho owned property to choose not to remarry, and established principles of dueprocess and equality before the law. It also contained provisions forbiddingbribery and official misconduct .
The political and religious traditions inother parts of the world also proclaimed what have come to be called humanrights, calling on rulers to rule justly and compassionately, and delineatinglimits on their power over the lives, property, and activities of theircitizens .
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe severalphilosophers proposed the concept of "natural rights," rights belonging to aperson by nature and because he was a human being, not by virtue of hiscitizenship in a particular country or membership in a particular religious orethnic group. This concept was vigorously debated and rejected by somephilosophers as baseless. Others saw it as a formulation of the underlyingprinciple on which all ideas of citizens' rights and political and religiousliberty were based .
In the late 1700s two revolutions occurred which drewheavily on this concept. In 1776 most of the British colonies in North Americaproclaimed their independence from the British Empire in a document which stillstirs feelings, and debate, the U.S. Declaration ofIndependence
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Globalization العولمة
Globalization refers to increasing global connectivity, integration andinterdependence in the economic, social, technological, cultural, political, andecological spheres. Globalization is an umbrella term and is perhaps bestunderstood as a unitary process inclusive of many sub-processes (such asenhanced economic interdependence, increased cultural influence, rapid advancesof information technology, and novel governance and geopolitical challenges ) that are increasingly binding people and the biosphere more tightly into oneglobal system .
There are several definitions and all usually mention theincreasing connectivity of economies and ways of life across the world. TheEncyclopedia Britannica says that globalization is the "process by which theexperience of everyday life ... is becoming standardized around the world ." While some scholars and observers of globalization stress convergence ofpatterns of production and consumption and a resulting homogenization ofculture, others stress that globalization has the potential to take many diverseforms .
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Advertising
One the hand advertising makes consumers aware, of the new products on themarket and helps them spend their money wisely it also as creates many jobs .
On the other hand advertising makes people feel frustrated, if they can'tafford the products .it also increases the prise of goods what's more it urgesconsumers to buy unnecessary commodities .
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Emigration
Morocco recently saw a migration of the population of cities and villages meespecially in the last 50 years that happened Leone Morocco for independence . What are the reasons that drive housing villages to migrate to cities? And whatare the causes of migrations out of the negative impact ?
- There is a rangeof reasons why the villagers to the cities Tahgerh me among them lack even themost basic means necessary hospitals and transportation means Finding workMestekareaulthossein circumstances of living .................. ect . The resulteased the congestion entire towns and neighborhoods Baladi shanties and Taherabegging and the use of young children Resulting from the whole circumcisioneased some tragic scenes
- Finally, I wish to state that changed everythingin their power to stop the advance of the pious and out of control thesituation
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education
Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and alsosomething less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, goodjudgement and wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental goals theimparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization ). Education means 'to draw out', facilitating realisation of self-potential andlatent talents of an individual. It is an application of pedagogy, a body oftheoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws onmany disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics , neuroscience, sociology and anthropology .
The education of an individualhuman begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe thateducation begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents' playing musicor reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the child'sdevelopment.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide farmore instruction than does formal schooling (thus Albert Einstein's admonitionto "never let school interfere with your education"). Family members may have aprofound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — thoughfamily teaching may function very informally
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Leisuretime أوقاتالفراغ
Recreation is very important for one health whoever we are we needleisure activities because they enable us our minds and bodies
If we go onworking without a break we'll get bord and exchasted
Therfore we should spendour free time on the things we like doing much as listing to music and pratisingsport in this way we'll have energy to rasume our studies and warking
OK sanyI PPRESENT TO YOU THIS OBJECT OF THE HOW CAN AIR POLLUTION HURT MY HEALTH
airpollution can effect our health in many ways with a both short-term effectsdifferent groups of individuals are effected by air pollution in different ways . some individualsare much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. youngchildren and elderly people after suffer môre from effects of airpollution.poeple with health problems such asthma .heart and lung disease mayolso suffer more when the air is poolluted the extent to wich in individual isharmed by air pollution usualy depends on the total to the damaging chimicalsi.e the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chimicals must betaken into account..this s the end of pragraph i wish to benefit itok
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TV
nowdays .TV viewers have a wide choice of channels .more and more peoplehave got satellite TV not all of them are satisfied with it .
satellite TVhas both advantages and drawbaks . whats is de advantages and drawbaks ofTV ,?
- satellite TV brings the whole world into your home there a variety ofprogrammes to choose fromit helps people improve foreigs ********s and there arelots of entertaining ...educating programmes. You may not feel bored .
- andthe drawbaks of satellite TV :
People spend too mush time watching TV andthey become passive and lazy there are too many channels and it is oftendificulet to choose the right programme and the people watch foreign TV channelsand not their national TV .
Thy don't know what is happening in their country , they might forget about their own culture and problem
Children don't dotheir homework ,don't read enough .
- satellite TV like any other technologyis means to an end people should be selective and watch interesting programmesonly .
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Traffic problems
There are many dangers when driving in a big city , traffic jams , road rage, car jacking drive-by- shootings ,smash-and-grabs , accidents orpurpose ambulance chasers , corrupt police , touring ,companies that can grabyour car in ten seconds .the list goes on .
Traffic jams are caused by drivers who tailgate and try to drivefaster than the flow of traffic , when drivers merge at the last second , theyhave to step on their brakes , and that causes the tailgaters behind them tostep on their brakes , roads rage occurs when someone loses self-control , somedriver is going too fast , this causes a clash , there are many reasons behindthe traffic jams problem .
The latter can also be attributed to the road code, violation , speed and carelessness , other reasons such as natural factors are involved , snow , obscurity, and rain are most of them , one other cause is the poorinfra-structure .
Understanding these very real dangers will help you learn how toavoid or prevent traffic problems .drivers should drive safely and learn tomaintain self-control , the driver should be a street-wise so that he can takethe necessaryprecautions
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Poverty
Poverty is becoming a serious problems for many countries , itaffects the whole society and delays the development of the country .
Poor families very often have health problems , because they havelot of children , parents are unable to provide medicine for them ,also theycant send them to school since schooling is expensive , they send them insteadto work and bring them money , so when members of society are unhealthy orilliterate this affect the development of the country .
Poverty is a serious problem, an enemy that government shouldfight by trying to make all members of society benefit from the resources oftheir country and work for its development
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women working
There have been a lot of chages in our social life in the lastdecades .many more women working ,of course ,has the lifestyle of manyfamilies
Many people are worried whether a carrer women can properly care forthe children the advantage of women working
women and men are equal andshould also have the right have a job
women should hlep in the devlopment oftheircountry
carrer mot her are usually educated and so can help theirfamily
the disadvantage of carrer women : women find ut difficult to takevery good care of children while working out side they usually nturn home tiredoften a day 's work outside the also have to deal with the house work the areleft with litter time to care for their childern .
thes affect a lot thewhole family ,and may cause problems for children at schol ....e bc .
. finallyi say that at taking good care children of women /mothers alonne
man/fathershould also share this responsibility with their wives
life is getting veryexpensive and women to help theirfamily
