عنوان الموضوع : Nobel Peace Prize
مقدم من طرف منتديات العندليب

The Nobel Prize Inventor :

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish

chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. He was the

inventor of dynamite. Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from

its previous role as primarily an iron and steel producer to a major

manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 350 different

patents, dynamite being the most famous. He used his fortune posthumously

to institute the Nobel Prizes. The synthetic element nobelium was named after

him. His name also survives in modern-day companies such as Dynamit Nobel

and Akzo Nobel, which are descendants of the companies Nobel himself

established.

What is a Nobel Peace Prize ?

The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes created by the Swedish

industrialist, inventor, and armaments manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with

the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, Literature. Since

1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who

have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the

abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion

of peace congresses."

Per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel

Committee, a 5-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway.

Since 1990, the prize is awarded on December 10 in Oslo City Hall each year.

The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty

o f Law (1947–1989), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–1946) and the Parliament

(1901–1904).

Due to its political nature, the Nobel Peace Prize has, for most of its history,

been the subject of controversies.

Who Deserve The Nobel Peace Prize ?

According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the

best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and

promotion of peace congresses."

Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the

Norwegian Parliament.

Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained

chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace

prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace

activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category. Some

Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included

dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in war and the Irish

Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s. Nobel was also

instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel company to an armaments company.

It is unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden

at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway

better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden. It also notes that

at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary

Union's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration

Prize Laureates :

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 93 times to 124 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2016, 100 individuals

and 24 organizations. Since International Committee of the Red Cross was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1917,

1944 and 1963, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded the Nobel Peace

Prize in 1954 and 1981, 100 individuals and 21 organizations have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

2015 ???

2016 The European Union (EU)

2016 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee

and Tawakkol Karman

2016 Liu Xiaobo

2017 Barack H. Obama

2017 Martti Ahtisaari

2017 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) and Albert Arnold (Al)

Gore Jr.

2017 Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank

2017 International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei

2017 Wangari Maathai

2017 Shirin Ebadi

2017 Jimmy Carter

2017 The United Nations ( U.N.) and Kofi

Annan

2017 Kim Dae Jung

1999 Doctors Without Borders (Médecins

Sans Frontières)

1998 John Hume and David Trimble

1997 International Campaign to Ban

Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams

1996 Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo and José

Ramos-Horta

1995 Joseph Rotblat and Pugwash

Conferences on Science and World

Affairs

1994 Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and

Yitzhak Rabin

1993 Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de

Klerk

1992 Rigoberta Menchú Tum

1991 Aung San Suu Kyi

1990 Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

1989 The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso

1988 The United Nations Peace-keeping

Forces

1987 Oscar Arias Sánchez

1986 Elie Wiesel

1985 International Physicians for the

Prevention of Nuclear War

1984 Desmond Mpilo Tutu

1983 Lech Walesa

1982 Alva Myrdal and Alfonso García Robles

1981 Office of the United Nations High

Commissioner for Refugees

1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

1979 Mother Teresa

1978 Mohammad Anwar Al-Sadat and

Menachem Begin

1977 Amnesty International

1976 Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan

1975 Andrei Sakharov

1974 Seán MacBride and Eisaku Sato

1973 Henry A. Kissinger and Le Duc Tho

1972 The prize money for 1972 was

transferred to the Main Fund.

1971 Willy Brandt

1970 Norman Ernest Borlaug

1969 The International Labour Organization

(ILO)

1968 René Cassin

1967 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1966 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1965 United Nations Children's Fund

(UNICEF)

1964 Martin Luther King Jr.

1963 The International Committee of the Red

Cross and The League of Red Cross

Societies

1962 Linus Carl Pauling

1961 Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld

1960 Albert John Lutuli

1959 Philip John Noel-Baker

1958 Georges Pire

1957 Lester Bowles Pearson

1956 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1955 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1954 The Office of the United Nations High

Commissioner for Refugees

1953 George Catlett Marshall

1952 Albert Schweitzer

1951 Léon Jouhaux

1950 Ralph Bunche

1949 Baron John Boyd Orr of Brechin

1948 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1947 The Friends Service Council and The

American Friends Service Committee

(the Quakers)

1946 Emily Greene Balch and John Raleigh

Mott

1945 Cordel Hull

1944 The International Committee of the Red

Cross

1943 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1942 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1941 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1940 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1939 One-third of the prize money was

transferred to the Main Fund, and two-
thirds to the Nobel Institute's Special

Fund

1938 The Nansen International Office for

Refugees (Office international Nansen

pour les réfugiés

1937 Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert

Gascoyne Cecil) Cecil of Chelwood

1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas

1935 Carl von Ossietzky

1934 Arthur Henderson

1933 Sir (Ralph) Norman Angell (Lane)

1932 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute's Special Fund.

1931 Jane Addams and Nicholas Murray

Butler

1930 Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom

1929 Frank Billings Kellogg

1928 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute's Special Fund.

1927 Ferdinand Edouard Buisson and Ludwig

Quidde

1926 Aristide Briand and Gustav Stresemann

1925 Sir (Joseph) Austen Chamberlain and

Charles Gates Dawes

1924 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute's Special Fund

1923 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute's Special Fund.

1922 Fridtjof Nansen

1921 Karl Hjalmar Branting and Christian

Lous Lange

1920 Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois

1919 Thomas Woodrow Wilson

1918 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute's Special Fund

1917 The International Committee of the Red

Cross (Comité International de la Croix-
Rouge)

1916 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute's Special Fund

1915 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute's Special Fund

1914 The prize money was allocated to the

Nobel Institute's Special Fund

1913 Henri La Fontaine

1912 Elihu Root

1911 Tobias Michael Carel Asser and Alfred

Hermann Fried

1910 The Permanent International Peace

Bureau (Bureau International Permanent

de la Paix)

1909 Auguste Marie François Beernaert

and Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet

d'Estournelles de Constant

1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson and Fredrik

Bajer

1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta and Louis

Renault

1906 Theodore Roosevelt

1905 Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von

Suttner

1904 Institut de Droit International (Institute

of International Law)

1903 Sir William Randal Cremer

1902 Elie Ducommun and Charles Albert

Gobat

1901 Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy



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