ملخص دروس الإنجليزية لتحضير البكالوريا باك ادبي
عنوان الموضوع : ملخص دروس الإنجليزية لتحضير البكالوريا باك ادبي
مقدم من طرف منتديات العندليب
THE FIVE TYPES OF DISCOURSE
DESCRIPTIVE ;such texts describe people , places and things
EXPOSITORY : such texts explain how things work and why things are what they are moreover they give more information about the topic generally we speak about the topic objectively
NARRATIVE : tell stories about someone or something
ARGUMENTATIVE : the are texts which defend a point of view through arguments generally there is a thesis ,an antithesis and a synthesis
PRESCRIPTIVE texts which give instructions to follow ;advice ;orders or recommendations
THE TYPES OF TEXTS
TEXTS CAN BE PRESENTED IN MANY TYPES .HERE ARE SOME TYPES :
A letter/A poem/A newspaper article/A conversation / dialogue/An interview/A recipe /A speech /A play ( theatre)/A story/A biography
CONDITIONAL ZERO)::
a/WE use "zero conditional" When we want to talk about things that are always or generally true, we can use:
If/When /plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative
* We may replace if with unless.
1.If you press this button, you get black coffee.
2. When the temperature rises, ice melts.
3. When you go to the beach, take some sun cream.
CONDITIONAL 1ST::
a/We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.
If + present simple, will+stem or may+stem or cam +stam or must+stem. * We may replace if with Unless .
1.If we take the children, they'll be really pleased.
2.If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.
3.unless you give me some money, I will not/ won't pay you back tomorrow.
4. Unless we take the children. They will not be really opleased.
4. If you ask him . he may tell you the truth.
5. If you believe in God . you must pray .
Expressing condition using : So long as , as long as , provided that , providing + present simple + future simple .
Example : They will protect her as long as she accepts.
CONDITIONAL 2ND::
a/We can use the Second Conditional to talk about 'impossible' or 'imaginary'situations.
If+ past simple . would +stem OR could+stem Or might +stem.
1.If I had one million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
(Notice that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'.)
2.If she were really happy in her job, she'd be working much harder.
(Notice the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.)
1.If I were you, I'd change my job.
b/We can also use the Second Conditional to talk about 'unlikely' situations.
1.If I won the lottery, I'd buy my parents a big house.
2.If I went to the moon, I'd bring back some moon rock.
Notice that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. For example, consider two people Peter Pessimist and Otto Optimist.
NAJIB – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.(optimist)
KAMAL – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.(pessimist)
CONDITIONAL 3rD::
a/Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results.
b/Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.
1.If Jack had thoughttwice, he wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake.
(did he think? no)
(did he make a mistake ? Yes)
2.They would have been home by ten if the train had been on time.
(was the train on time?no)
Were they home by ten ?No)
Expressing wish:
WISH+SIMPLE PAST:
a/the main use of 'wish' is to say that we would like things to be different from what they are, that we have regrets about the present situation.
(Notice that the verb tense which follows 'I wish' is 'more in the past' than the tense corresponding to its meaning)
1.I wish I was rich.
2.He wishes he lived in Paris.
3.I'm too fat. I wish I was thin.
4.It's raining. I wish it wasn't raining.
WISH+PAST PERFECT SIMPLE::
b/showing regrets about past situations:
1.I went to see the latest Star Wars film. I wish I hadn't gone.
2.I've eaten too much. I wish I hadn't eaten so much
c/we use 'would'after wish" when we anticipate some change
1.He won't help me. I wish he would help me.
2.You're making too much noise. I wish you would be quiet.
3.You keep interrupting me. I wish you wouldn't do that.
D/ WE SAY: I wish I COULD AND We wish WE COULD .
* We may replace WISH with If only ( stronger than I wish) OR It's time/high time
COMPARATIVES//SUPERLATIVES
MAIN USE
Comparatives are used to compare two things and to highlight the superiority, inferiority, or equality of one term compared to another.
For comparisons in larger groups, you must use the superlative. The superlative designates extremes: the best, the first, the worst, the last, etc.
SUPERIORITY: a) Short adjectives: adj+ er than
Peter is taller than Sandra.
b) COMPARATIVES :Long adjectives: :MORE + adj + THAN
A Ferrari is more expensive than a Mini.
SUPERLATIVE:Short & long adjectives:
:THE ADJ+-EST/IESTt...
:THE MOST/THE LEAST + adjective...
It's the nicest place I've ever visited
This is the most pleasant place on Earth!
EQUALITY Short & long adjectives:
:AS... adjective... AS..
English is as easy as German. Doesn't exist
INFERIORITY Short & long adjectives:
:LESS + adjectif + THAN
July is less cold than January.
NOTES:
Short adjectives: 1 syllable (eg: young) + 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y (eg: pretty), -w(eg:narrower) , -r (eg: cleverer)
Long adjectives: all the other adjectives
COMPARATIVES:
> If the adjective ends in "--y" the "y" becomes "i" : heavy --> heavier
> If the adjective ends in "--e" only an "r" is needed: wise --> wiser
> If the adjective ends with "single vowel + consonant" the consonant is doubled and one adds "--er" : big --> bigger
> Some very common adjectives have irregular comparatives: good / well --> better | bad / ill--> worse | far --> farther | much/ many --> more
SUPERLATIVES:
Irregular forms: good / well --> the best • bad/ ill --> the worst • far --> the farthest | much/ many --> the most
Similarity :
We use the expressions: Like , as , the same as , as…as, Both , too , similar to
Examples: 1- She is as intelligent as her brother.
2- She is intelligent like her brother .
3- Both she and her brother are intelligent.
4- She is intelligent , her brother is, too.
5- She is intelligent the same as her brother.
Difference :
We use: unlike, while, whereas, different from , but
E.g.: 1- Algeria is a developing country whereas/ while USA is a developed one .
2- Unlike Algeria, USA is a developed country.
3- Algeria is different from USA.
Plurals
>> Add "s" to the noun:
band bands
cat cats
spring springs
sea seas
mountain mountains
>> Add "s" to nouns ending in a VOWEL + "y":
turkey turkeys
monkey monkeys
day days
>> Change the "y" to "i" and add "es" to nouns ending with a CONSONANT + "y":
body bodies
country countries
company companies
party parties
>> Add "es" to nouns ending in "s", "x", "z", "ch", and "sh":
mass masses
class classes
sex sexes
box boxes
buzz buzzes
watch watches
stitch stitches
dish dishes
crash crashes
>> Collective nouns refer to plurals but are treated as singular:
crowd, audience, navy, army, committee, swarm, government, team, group,
club, church, company
IRREGULAR PLURALS:
>> Change the "f" to "v" and add "es":
self selves
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
half halves
****f ****ves
wolf wolves
>> But not always!!!:
belief beliefs
chief chiefs
chef chefs
cliff cliffs
roof roofs
>> Add "s" or "es" to nouns ending in "o":
piano pianos
solo solos
salvo salvos
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
hobo hoboes
hero heroes
>> Very irregular plurals:
fish fish
deer deer
moose moose
sheep sheep
bison bison
datum data
phylum phyla
index indices
mouse mice
goose geese
tooth teeth
foot feet
person people
man men
woman women
child children
ox oxen
Example Sentences:Cause
1.There was flooding because heavy rain fell all night.
2.There was flooding because of the heavy rain.
3.The heavy rain was the cause ofthe flooding. .
4.Due to the heavy rain there was flooding.
Expressing Consequence / Effect:
* So , therefore , as a result , consequently , as a consequence , thus + verbal clause ( subject/verb/complement)
* result in + noun OR pronoun OR gerund ( verb+ ing).
* such + noun OR noun phrase + that
* so + adjective+ that
Example Sentences:Effect
1.The standards of living in the home country is very low .So, many Africans migrate to Europe.
2.The standards of living in the home country is very low .As a consequence, many Africans migrate to Europe
3.The standards of living in the home country is very low .Consequently, many Africans migrate to Europe
4.The standards of living in the home country is very low .Therefore, many Africans migrate to Europe
5.Low standards of living in the home county result in immigration to Europe
6. He is such a nice person that I like him.
7. The activity was so easy that I felt very happy.
Expressing Purpose:
• to , in order to , so as to + subject+verb+complement
• so that , in order that + will / can / may + stem
• Examples : - I went there to help her.
• - I went there so that I could help her .
Modal auxiliaries :
A/ Strong Obligation :
Must / have to / has to / had to ( past of must )
Example : They must respect all their relatives
B/ Advice : Should / had better / ought to…
Example : You should read books . Or You had better read books Or If I were you , I would read books.
C/ Expressing certainty :
1. S + will (not) + V(inf.) + C John will sell foreign goods. / John won’t sell foreign goods.
2. S + will certainly (not) + V(inf.) + C John will certainly sell foreign goods. / John will certainly not sell foreign goods.
3. It is impossible that + SVC (Negative statement) It’s impossible that John will sell foreign goods.
D/ Expressing possibility:
1. S + may (not) + V(inf.) + C You may bribe that greedy officer. / You may not bribe that greedy officer.
2. S + can (not) + V(inf.) + C You can bribe that greedy officer. / You cannot bribe that greedy officer.
3. It is possible that + SVC It’s possible that you will bribe that greedy officer.
E/ Expressing remote possibility:
1. S + might (not) + V(inf.) + C We might win the challenge. / We might not win the challenge.
2. S + could (not) + V(inf.) + C We could win the challenge. / We could not win the challenge.
F/ Expressing probability:
Positive statement
1. It is probable that + SVC The weather is cloudy. It’s probable that it will rain / rains
2. It is likely that + SVC The weather is cloudy. It’s likely that it will rain. / rains
3. S + probably + V + C It will probably rain tomorrow. / It probably rains today.
Negative statement
1. It is improbable that + SVC It is improbable that you (will) fail at the exam.
2. It is unlikely that + SVC It is unlikely that you (will) fail at the exam.
Pronunciation - Silent Letters:
Silent B B is not pronounced when following M at the end of a word. Climb , crumb ,dumb , com
Silent C C is not pronounced in the ending "scle" muscle
Silent D D is not pronounced in the following common words: Handkerchief , sandwich , Wednesday
Silent E E is not pronounced at the end of words and usually makes the vowel long. Hope , drive , gave , write , site
Silent G G is not often not pronounced when followed by an N Champagne , foreign , sign , feign
Silent GH GH is not pronounced before T and at the end of many words Thought , through , daughter , light , might , right , fight , weigh
Silent H H is not pronounced when following W.Some speakers whisper the H before the W. What , who , when , where , whether , why
Silent H H is not pronounced at the beginning of many words. Use the article "an" with unvoiced H. Here are some of the most common:
Hour , honest , honor , heir , herb
Pronounced H H is pronounced at the beginning of these common words. Use the article "a" with voiced H. Hill , history , height , happy , hangover
Silent K K is not pronounced when followed by N at the beginning of a word. Knife , knee , know , knock , knowledge
Silent L L is often not pronounced before L, D, F, M, K. Calm , half , salmon , talk , balk , would , should
Silent N N is not pronounced following M at the end of a word. Autumn , hymn
Silent P P is not pronounced at the beginning of many words using the suffix "psych" and "pneu". Psychiatrist ; pneumonia ; psychotherapy ; psychotic
Silent S S is not pronounced before L in the following words: Island , isle
Silent T T is not pronounced in these common words: Castle , Christmas , fasten , listen , often , whistle , thistle
Silent U U is not pronounced before after G and before a vowel. guess , guidance , guitar , guest
Silent W W is not pronounced at the beginning of a word followed by an R. Wrap , write , wrong
Silent W W is not pronounced with these three pronouns:Who , whose , whom.
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Final -ed
/t/ Want Wanted / Id/
/d/ End Ended
------------------------------------------------
/p/ Hope Hoped / t/
/f/ Laugh Laughed
/s/ Fax Faxed
/ch / Wash Washed
/t ch/ Watch Watched
/k/ Like Liked.
Voiced for others /d/
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Final /s/ Voiceless sounds / s / f – h- k- p- - t
Voiced sounds / z / b - d - g - j - L -m
n - ng - r- v - w
Other sounds / iz / s- ks - z - dg - ch
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold." › Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online." › Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999." › Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday." › Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier." › Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." › Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." › Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
Modal verb forms also sometimes change:
Direct speech Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow." › would
She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach English online." › could
She said she could teach English online.
must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online." › had to
She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?" › should
She asked what we should learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new browser?" › might
She asked if she might open a new browser.
!Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.
Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech
"Today's lesson is on presentations." She said yesterday's lesson was on presentations.
Expressions of time if reported on a different day
this (evening) › that (evening)
today › yesterday ...
these (days) › those (days)
now › then
(a week) ago › (a week) before
last weekend › the weekend before last / the previous weekend
here › there
next (week) › the following (week)
tomorrow › the next/following day
Who ? الفاعل /انسان Who did you see at the party? - My neighbours!
What ? للأشياء What is that blue thing? – It's my sweater.
What +be +doing ?
What + do(es) +do
What ... for ?
What ... like ?
What time ? الوقت
What colour ? اللون الفعل الذي تقوم به
العمل أو المهنة
الهدف
لوصف الحالة او الشيء
What are the boys doing? – They are playing, I think.
What does your brother do? – He works at McDonald's.
What did he do that for? – He did it to win the prize.
What is the weather like? – It's sunny.
What is your new bag like? – It's small and black.
What time are your friends coming? – At six.
What colour is their car? – White.
Which ? الإختيار
Which film do you want to watch? – The western.
Which of the two do you prefer? – The red one.
Whose ? الملكية Whose mobile is that? – It's Mary's.
Whose car did you take? – My brother’s.
When ? الزمن
التاريخ When is he leaving? – This evening..
When is your birthday? – On the 10th of May.
Where ? المكان Where did they go? – To Italy.
Why ? السبب
الغاية Why are you late? – Because I missed the bus!
Why do you learn? –in order to get the bac
How ? الكيفية و الطريقة How do you make a pie? – I don't know.
How + be ... ?
How much ? (1)
How much ? (2)
How many ? الحالة و الشعور
الكمية
السعر
العدد
How is your uncle? – He's O.K.
How much lemonade do you want? – A small glass.
How much is that dress? – £ 10.50.
How many brothers have you got? – Three.
How long ? (1)
How long ? (2)
How old ?
How tall ?
How heavy ?
How big ? الحجم
How far ? لمسافة
How fast ? لسرعة
How high ? الارتفاع
How often ? عدد مرات التكرار
How wide ? العرض
How deep ? العمق المدة
الطول
السن و العمر
القامة
الوزن
How long will it take? – Three hours.
How long is the lake? – Twenty miles.
How old is your sister? – She is twenty.
How tall are you? – One metre seventy.
How heavy is your case? – Twelve kilos.
How big is their flat? – It's quite small.
How far is the station? – Only half a mile from here.
How fast is that train? – 150 miles per hour.
How high is the wall? – About two metres.
How often does your son visit you?
How often do you brush your teeth?
How wide is the corridor?
How deep is the river? – About two metres.
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