>>>> الرد الأول :
كما هو معروف في الثّانوية وفي مادة الفرنسية -كل الشعب- هناك كلمة طا لما اثارت الرّعب في أوساط
التلاميذ حين يتعلّق الأمر بالتعبير الكتابي. ليس لصعوبتها حقا وانّمالأنهم يرونها صعبة . وهي في الحقيقة أسهل
من التلخيص و حتى من التعبير الحر
*هذا هو فحوى هاته التقنية من التعبير الكتابيl'expression écrite
Le compte rendu objectif d'un texte
...وهي اسلوب تعبير يكون في الأخير على شكل نص متكامل
اليكم هذا الشرح مع بعض الترجمة
بسم الله
تعريف :
Le compte-rendu objectif d’un texte : c’est un passage qui expose les idées
l’essentielles d’un texte pour informer autrui de manière neutre. Il comprend
trois parties :
هو عبارة عن تقنية تعبير كتابي تعرض الافكار المهمة في نصّ ما الهدف منها اعلام الآخرين بها و بطريقة
محايدة وبعد عدة قراءات متأنّية للنص . و تتكون من ثلاثة أجزاء:
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[
Partie para textuelle ou éléments périphériques ou image du texte (titre, source, date de
parution, nombre de passage, et si c’est possible extratextuelle (qqs information sur
l’auteur et son œuvre …)
جزء أول يحتوي على (العنوان ، المصدر ، تاريخ النشر ، وعدد فقرات النص وكذا اسم الكاتب -ان توفرت هاته
المعلومات-
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Partie textuelle qui résume analytiquement :
_ L’idée générale, l’information centrale, l’événement raconté.
_ Les idées secondaires (de préférence les plus importantes)
الجزء الثّاني وهو تحليل ملخّص للنص ويحوي بانتظام
أولا . الفكرة العامة للنص
ثانيا. الأفكار الثانوية (من الأحسن أن تكون المهمة فقط)
************************************************** ********************
Partie conclusive qui présente d’une façon combinée :
_ A) Le type textuel : narratif, expositif (informatif, ou explicatif), argumentatif,
exhortatif, conversationnel ou prescriptif…
_ B) La visée textuelle (en répondant brièvement à la question suivante : (Dans quel but
l’auteur a écrit son texte ?), convaincre, persuader, informer, expliquer, sensibiliser,
raconter, conseiller, influencer, dénoncer…
القسم الختامي (الخاتمة ) تحوي مايلي :
1_ نوع النص : السرد ، أو التفسير ، الجدل ، المحادثة...
2_ الهدف أو المغزى من كتابة الكاتب لنصّه هذا (من خلال الاجابة الموجزة على السؤال التالي : (لماذا كتب
الكاتب نصّه هذا ولأي غاية تحاورية ياترى ؟)
من أجل ، إقناع ، اعلام ، شرح ، وتثقيف .تقديم المشورة ، التأثير ...،
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ملاحظة هامّة : كل هاته الأجزاء الثلاثة يجب أن تكون مترابطة ب les articulateurs logiques وهي
المرادفات التي تسمح بربط أفكار وجمل النص مع مراعات احترام ترتيب الأفكار حسب عرضها في النّص
الأصلي الذي نعالجه.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
فيمايلي المخطط بصفة عامةPlan
* Plan du compte-rendu objectif d’un texte :
1) _Présentation du texte (références)
2) _ Contenu : A)- Idée, information ou événement global
B)- Résumé analytique (présentation sous forme d’une analyse de l’essentiel du texte
3) _ Conclusion : type textuel et visée textuelle (communicative)
************************************************** *************************
=========
>>>> الرد الثاني :
الفقرة فيالفرنسية سهلة وخاصة le compt rendu وربي يوفقك خويا يا رب ننجحو كامل وخاصة للي تعب
=========
>>>> الرد الثالث :
Le compte rendu critique
Il permet de dégager les composantes essentielles d’un texte ou d’un ouvrage : son contenu, son organisation interne, ses grandes thématiques auxquelles on apporte une appréciation personnelle qui permettra aux lecteurs de situer le texte dans une perspective plus vaste
Le compte rendue critique se compose de deux parties : le résumé et la critique
انشالله ربي يوفقك . وينجحنا كاملين
=========
>>>> الرد الرابع :
شكرا ياخاوتي ربي يعيشكم انشاء لله ربي يفرحنا وننجحوا الكل يارب فرحنا ولا تبخل على احد فرحت الباك هذا العام
=========
>>>> الرد الخامس :
the Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of substances or energy into the environment, resulting in deleterious effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems, and impair or interfere with amenities and other legitimate uses of the environment.[1] The major forms of pollution include: Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common examples include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Water pollution via surface runoff and leaching to groundwater. Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy ****ls, MTBE[2], herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Radioactive contamination, added in the wake of 20th-century discoveries in atomic physics. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.) Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar. Light pollution, includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference. Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste. Thermal Pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence.
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subject n1
prepare a short talk about the following topic
"modern civilisation has kept changing at fast space
A century ago, people were able to live in better conditions than their parents thanks to the progress made in science and technology. But in practice, the outcome of this progress was slow to materialise. For instance, most people still used to travel long distances on foot or by stage coach. And as mechanisation was not introduced significantly in daily activities, household chores still had to be done manually, and were therefore time consuming.
On the other hand, community life was still an asset for social cohesion, since people had more opportunities to meet and interact. So they were able to chat with neighbors at shops or in clubs and have a cup of coffee with friends or relatives and tell stories and jokes. Likewise, family visits were frequent and kept the folklore alive, with the grandparents who used to tell traditional tales or sing lullabies or folk songs to their grandchildren. Unfortunately, with the development of audiovisual means such as the cinema, radio, television and then personal appliances like the computer, CD-roms and DVDs, the chances of socialisation are dwindling and the lack of interaction between people may increase stress, loneliness and anxiety.
Could we then complain that we are missing out on some ingredients in life which used to make our great grandparents happier? This is probably so, since closer contacts among neighbours, friends and families had to be beneficial for communal harmony. However, scientific progress in all fields, particularly in medicine, modes of transportation and communication, and agribusiness can only show that our lives are today quite fulfilling and, if anything, more comfortable than a century ago.
subject n02
write an essay about the challenges faced by modern civilisation
There are three major threats to our civilisation, which can lead to the destruction of mankind. We have first nuclear energy, which has been a constant liability ever since the explosion of atomic bombs in 1945; there is also pollution, a major cause for concern with the massive and noxious increase in industrial activities and mechanisation; finally, climate change constitutes another threat, as an outcome of the first two mentioned problems.
The escalation of nuclear weaponry since World War Two has exposed humanity to a nuclear war that would not compare at all with Hiroshima and Nagasaki, since it could wipe out life on earth many times over. The Cold War was a period of tension between the two most heavily equipped nations in terms of nuclear warheads, the USA and the USSR. The Détente that came after did not suppress all worries, since other countries have the bomb, and could use it any time.
There are also indirect consequences to owning nuclear energy. Indeed, a lethal form of pollution can originate from it if accidents in nuclear power plants occur. But apparently less dangerous forms of pollution, generated by an ever- increasing industrialisation, can also cause severe illnesses and deaths. We can think of all the chemicals dumped by factories underground, or in rivers and seas, or of the enormous amounts of smoke emitted in the air by factories and vehicles. All of these are causing all sorts of illnesses in humans and threatening wildlife.
Apart from these direct consequences, the third threat to our civilisation, climate change, is directly related to the first two mentioned. Smoke has resulted in the greenhouse effect, responsible for the increase in mean temperature in the world. Consequently, the ice caps in the north and south poles are shrinking, the sea level is rising, rains have become irregular, hurricanes are more frequent, monsoons are more destructive, droughts have intensified, and have reached usually wet parts of the world. Therefore, the danger of famine is real , and can even lead to dramatic wars over the possession of the meagre resources remaining. Surely the impending threat of nuclear warfare, and the lethal chemicals spread in the environment make the world a dangerous place to live. The tons of smoke sent out in the atmosphere also constitute a health hazard, and are responsible for climate change. There are indeed urgent measures to be taken by governments to make human activities safer if our civilisation is to survive and thrive.
subject 03
write an opinion article about counterfeiting disadvantages
Some people argue that counterfeiting benefits consumers by giving them access to lower-price goods. This is a totally mistaken claim. First, imitated goods are poor quality and do not last long. There is then no guarantee of value for money and more importantly, that fake goods are not safe. Imagine how much damage low quality parts fitted in a car can do to the driver and passengers when they fail!
Secondly, if we think of fake foods or medicines, and the criminal procedures used by the people who make them, we can only remain firm on buying genuine products. There are several cases of substitute edibles which have caused dangerous diseases to people and which have resulted in long-lasting law suits. The outcomes could only be compensations paid for irreparable damage but the moral damage caused to the victims can never be repaired! Recent figures released by the European Union show that the customs are confiscating 100 million fake items every year.
Thirdly, it is highly immoral to reap where other people have sown. Pirating products is indeed imitating other people’s property, and refusing to engage in a creative act. It is much more rewarding to turn one’s abilities to creating new objects of value that could serve the community, or improve the performance of existing ones.
Fourthly, pirating objects is by essence theft, especially when the producer of a fake item affixes the label of a well-known trade mark on it. Some countries are notorious for their practice of counterfeit objects. One wouldn’t like Algerians to be known for practising this dubious trade, as much as one wouldn’t like to see them buy cheap, fake products and head into unsuspected troubles.
subject 04
write a letter to a friend describing your school
Dear Linda,
Today, I’ll write to you about my school. And the least I can say is that I feel quite happy and comfortable in it.
First, let me mention its old stone building, surrounded by a nice flower garden. The flowers are carefully arranged, and in spring, they give off a nice scent when we head for the classes through the garden. Further back, there are two large courtyards with enough space and benches to play or relax. There are also big, ancient olive trees near the walls, where birds perch and nest. We can hear them warble and chirp all year round.
Let me also describe my classroom. It is large and well decorated, with old-fashioned brown desks, and posters and pictures all over the walls. And then, there are those cabinets full of books which smell of old paper. Actually, I like borrowing a book from to time and dream of all the adventures and mysteries I read about.
I’ll finally say a few words about my teachers. I’m lucky to have such good and considerate people around me. They are so keen to see the students do well. They are always prepared to answer our questions, and they really want to make sure we understand the hard parts of the lessons and exercises. I like the way teachers get us involved. They surely have children of their own at school, which explains why they understand how we feel.
So if there is one good reason why I like my school, it surely is because the teaching staff are so caring, and so friendly. I can’t dream of a better school!
subject 05
prepare a speech about the the possible changes that are likely to happen in our lifestyle
We may live a totally different life in the next few decades because modernity has brought with it a new life style. Nowadays people take less time to eat, go to fast food shops to gulp hamburgers, hot dogs and chips. In the future, we might have conventional food being replaced by food substitutes like pills, or we might get our nutrients out of crude oil; that would shorten meal times even further. Conversely, many people are prepared to spend more time shopping in supermarkets (and even on the Internet). A lot of them are now becoming shopaholics, buying products that they don’t really need. Their number will rise further in the near future.
This is partly because it is much easier to shop, especially as more and more supermarkets are equipped with fast serving cash desks which prevent long queues. In the future, shop assistants may be replaced by robots which could actually do the same job as them, with greater efficiency and in less time. That of course would probably have side effects like an increase in unemployment.
Leisure will also change, because of the development of all sorts of electronic devices, like the multimedia, cable television and other contrivances. People will be less tempted to go out for a film, a play or a concert. They’ll pay even less visits to each other because the cell phone is such a convenient way to keep in touch. And what to say about the Internet through which people can instantly chat with and watch each other via the web cam! Alternatively, we’ll have more free time to enjoy holidays at lower prices in distant places. But is this life of the future the kind of life people would like to have? Couldn’t modernity preserve social relations and be a means to an end rather than an end in itself?
subject 06
food safety
Food safety has become one of the major worries for mankind. This worry has three major sources: the chemical contamination of agricultural products, the use of additives, preservatives and colourings in a large number of food products and the consumption of ready-made food.
Perhaps the first cause for worry about food safety is the highly intensive mode of farming and agribusiness now prevailing in industrialised countries. This has led big companies to use chemicals, fertilisers and pesticides to ensure maximum output. As a result, fruits and vegetables are contaminated by chemicals which may prove harmful to our health.
The second cause for concern is again related to mass production, and the need to keep products fresh and attractive. Consumer requirements have led manufacturers to introduce colourings, additives and preservatives. Some of them have been suspected of being dangerous while others have definitely been classified as harmful by independent research laboratories. Scientists maintain that some colourings and sugar substitutes can cause cancer, diabetes and other ****bolic disorders.
Finally, fast food and ready-made meals have led people to take undesirable eating habits, like nibbling at work or at home, or having frequent snacks in front of the computer or the TV set. More worrying is the fact that the younger generation are the most prone to consume fast food and soft drinks. These eating habits, as shown in “advanced” countries especially, have caused a large part of the population to become overweight or obese, and to develop diseases like diabetes or high blood pressure. These are due to an excess consumption of animal fat and fried food, as well as sugar and salt.
In conclusion, the conjunction of contaminated agricultural products, processed foods and poor eating habits is indeed a good reason to worry about food safety and to take corrective measures to change or improve our attitudes to eating.
subject 07
a presentation of the moon
The Moon is an earth satellite orbiting our planet from a distance of 384,000kms on average, and its orbit is in a west-to-east direction. Its surface gravity is only 0.16 that of the Earth (one sixth), and it does not seem to have life on it, since it has neither atmosphere nor water. Minimum and maximum temperatures on it are wide apart, with +110˚C on the sunlit side and –170˚C in lunar nights. The geology of this satellite is rock only, and its age is about 4,6 billion years.
Plans to reach the Moon on space crafts have been on scientists’ minds since early 20th century. But they became more concrete when the Russians launched space crafts Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 in 1957, the second one carrying dog Laika. In 1961, Yuri Gagarin orbited the Earth, followed by the American astronaut John Glenn in 1962. Finally, America won the honour of reaching the Moon before Russia, when Neil Armstrong set foot on it on July 21st 1969.
There are at present plans to build a space base on the Moon, to set a giant telescope and launch space ships from there to distant planets, and perhaps to other solar systems.
Ethics ;
Ethics is principles and moral values. it’s also ethics is the set of moral rules that the professionals in any field are expected to respect when they deal either with each other or with the public. in business, ethics represents the attitudes that individuals and firms should comply with in the actions they perform and the decisions they take at every level of their realizations. Such a philosophy does not exist everywhere because it needs the existence of important conditions to apply it.
in societies where both political and cultural conditions exist for making everyone obey this practice, the main principles that those engaged in the economic branches should follow involve a good number of the qualities that have always served as the basis for civilization. Among them we find the obligation to be honest and lawful in one's activities.
corruption
In general, corruption leads to harm the public interest and reflect the phenomenon of corruption, a set of behaviors (bribery, nepotism ... .. Paloasitp extortion ... ... .. smuggling looted public money and ...).. There are many reasons behind the emergence of the phenomenon of corruption and spread in the community although there is almost unanimous on the fact that this phenomenon of human behavior, negative driven by self-interest and corruption leads to the loosening of moral values and to the frustration and the spread of indifference and passivity among the members of the community, and the rise of intolerance and extremism in views and the spread of crime as a reaction The collapse of values and lack of equal opportunities. In view of what can be inflicted by corruption of the damage is not at the local level but also at the international level, especially in light of the trend towards free trade and free competition requires all of us try to control but seems that the rampant corruption that fits many parts of the strata of society, even the citizen a free fair may bribing or Smuggled when needy, although it has long complained of corruption and its effects, then we are in a vicious circle not resolve it, but that one come back to the teachings of our religion by telling us altruism, integrity, honesty and sincerity and conviction, but it is impossible not all what he loves to realize.
bribery
bribery is the crime of giving or receiving something of value to influence official action. both the person giving and receiving the bribe are guilty of bribery.
bribery is illegal for two reasons: firstly, it usually involves a public official using his or her office for personal gain. Secondly, it can cause officials to make unfair decisions that affect citizens.
Bribery is a very old crime. There is evidence of bribery dating back more than 4,000 years. Usually, a person who bribes a public official is paying to get special treatment. this special treatment can come in many forms .for example ,a company might bribe an official to win a government contract .bribing a public official is the most common type of bribery. in the united states, officials convicted of bribery may be fined, removed from office, and sent to prison for up to 20 years.
Commercial bribery, the bribery of owners or employees of private companies, is also illegal in many places, but it is less commonly punished. No one knows how often people commit bribery, but many experts believe that most people who bribe officials are never caught.
Bribery is most common in some countries or parts of countries than in others.
Many countries have made it illegal to bribe officials from other countries
عاونوا خوكم الزوالي نحكيلك حكايتي نبكيك صح خش وشوف لتحضير البكالوريا
رد مع اقتباس
